Grass is a type of plant with narrow leaves growing from the base. A common kind of grass is used to cover the ground in places such as lawns and parks. Grass is usually the color green. Grasses are monocotyledon herbaceous plants. The grasses include the "grass" of the family Poaceae. This family is also called Gramineae. The family also include some of the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae).[1] These three families are not closely related but all of them belong to clades in the order Poales. They are similar adaptations to a common life-style. The true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Uses for graminoids include food (as grain, sprouted grain, shoots or rhizomes), drink (beer, whisky), pasture for livestock, thatching thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, construction, sports turf, basket weaving and many others. Many grasses are short, but some grasses can grow very tall, such as Bamboo. Plants from the grass family can grow in many places and make grasslands, including areas which are very arid or cold. There are several other plants that look similar to grass and are referred to as such, but are not members of the grass family. These plants include rushes, reeds, papyrus and water chestnut. Seagrass is a monocot in the order Alismatales. Grasses are an important food for many animals, such as deer, buffalo, cattle, mice, grasshoppers, caterpillars and many other grazers. Unlike other plants, grasses grow from the bottom, so when animals eat grass they usually do not destroy the part that grows.[2] This is a part of why the plants are successful. Without grass, soil may wash away into rivers (erosion). Evolution of grass Graminoids include some of the most versatile plant life-forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found containing grass phytoliths (silica stones inside grass leaves).[3] Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats, and are now the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for many animals.[4] Grass and people Lawn grass is often planted on sports fields and in the area around a building. Sometimes chemicals and water is used to help lawns to grow. People have used grasses for a long time. People eat parts of grasses. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and millet are cereals, common grains whose seeds are used for food and to make alcohol such as beer. Sugar comes from sugar cane, which is also a plant in the grass family. People have grown grasses as food for farm animals for about 4,000 years. People use bamboo to build houses, fences, furniture and other things. Grass plants can also be used as fuel, to cover roofs, and to weave baskets. Language In English, the word "grass" appears in several phrases. For example: "The grass is always greener on the other side" means "people are never happy with what they have and want something else." "Don't let the grass grow under your feet" means "Do something". "A snake in the grass" is about a person that will not be honest and will trick others. All flesh is grass: Old Testament book of Isaiah, chapter 40, verses 6–8. Grass is a slang term for cannabis (pot, weed, or marijuana). References Chapman G.P. & Peat W.E. 1992. An introduction to the grasses. Oxford: CAB Internat. Cheplick G.P. 1998. Population biology of grasses. Cambridge University Press. Piperno, Doris E. & Sues, Hans-Dieter 2010. Dinosaurs dined on grass. Science. 310 (5751), pp. 1126–1128. Soderstrom T.R. et al (eds) 1987. Grass systematics and evolution. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Related pages Grassland Cereals Bamboo Thatching

After mating, the female makes slits in tree branches and lays eggs there. The eggs hatch six to seven weeks later, the nymphs fall to the ground and go into the soil, and the cycle begins again. The adult periodical cicadas only live three to four weeks. Two Broods of Periodical Cicadas Will Emerge in the United States in 2024 Periodical cicadas emerge in groups called broods. Starting in late April, Brood XIII (the Northern Illinois Brood, which has a 17-year life cycle) and Brood XIX (the Great Southern Brood, which has a 13-year cycle) will emerge from underground in the Midwest and Southeast, respectively. These two broods have not emerged at the same time since 1803! Experts estimate these emergences could produce more than one trillion cicadas. But don't worry — they don't bite. (Source: Smithsonian Magazine article, April 8, 2024) Teaching Resources: Natural History of Cicadas We compiled this collection of digital resources and experiences in 2021 to explore the natural history of cicadas during the Brood X emergence. The resources are all complementary, aiming to help students, teachers, and anyone interested learn a bit more about cicadas. The interactive module linked at the top is the most robust experience, and integrates the other digital media resources that are also listed on this page. Interactive Lesson Montage of three images: A cicada nymph on a green plant; a cicada nymph shedding its exoskeleton; and an adult periodical cicada Left to right: A cicada nymph; a nymph molting into its adult form; an adult periodical cicada. Understanding a cicada’s life history can help quell fears about them and even spark curiosity and interest in them. This interactive module, The Natural History of Cicadas, will provide learners with an overview of the natural history of cicadas through videos, audio, images, graphics, and text. Each section of the lesson concludes with a fun interactive that reinforces learning, helping your learners gain these skills: Sort basic natural history statements about cicadas as true or false Match each life cycle stage to the correct description Recall what a cicada eats and identify the type of mouthparts a cicada has Identify a periodical cicada from an annual cicada and recall how much time it spends underground Sort statements about periodical cicada emergence events as true or false Cicada Life Cycle There are about 3,000 species of cicadas worldwide and they all have a similar life cycle. This video provides a brief overview. Media player 0:00 / 2:55 PlayRewindForwardVolumeHide captionsShow transcriptPreferencesEnter full screen Handout Cicada life cycle graphic with illustrated sections for mating, laying eggs, nymphs hatching, nymphs tunneling and feeding, nymphs molting, and mating calls. This graphic provides a brief summary of each of the cicada life cycle stages that are reviewed in more depth in the short video. Credit: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Download the handout below. Cicada Life Cycle Infographic Handout (PDF) Podcast: Natural History in Your Backyard – Cicadas and Brood X Brood X Cicadas Feeling curious, nervous, or excited about the cicada emergence? This podcast is for you! Learn about cicadas and the Brood X emergence in 2021 directly from an expert: Smithsonian Entomologist Floyd Shockley. The podcast was moderated and produced by museum educator Maggy Benson. Part 1: Natural history of cicadas, the Brood X emergence, and cicada adaptations Part 2: How museums collect cicadas and you can track cicadas, too! Part 3: What to expect with the Brood X emergence in 2021 Visit the Cicada Safari App webpage to learn more about tracking cicadas and using the app that Floyd mentioned in the podcast! Webinar Video Smithsonian Science How – Cicadas and the Brood X Emergence with Entomologist Floyd Shockley Floyd Shockley standing behind a table with cicada collection drawers on it and a net box with live cicadas. Floyd Shockley discussing cicadas in a webinar, May 26, 2021. Brood X, one of the broods of periodical cicadas that spends 17 years underground as nymphs, emerged in the Eastern United States in 2021

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